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Agar (pronounced , sometimes ) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from red algae.Agar is a mixture of two components: the linear polysaccharide agarose, and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin. It forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae, and is released on boiling. These algae are known as agarophytes, and belong to the Rhodophyta (red algae) phylum.Agar has been used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia, and also as a solid substrate to contain culture media for microbiological work. Agar can be used as a laxative, an appetite suppressant, a vegetarian substitute for gelatin, a thickener for soups, in fruit preserves, ice cream, and other desserts, as a clarifying agent in brewing, and for sizing paper and fabrics.The gelling agent in agar is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from tengusa (Gelidiaceae) and ogonori (Gracilaria). For commercial purposes, it is derived primarily from ogonori. In chemical terms, agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose.

Pectins (E440) are natural carbohydrates, predominantly found in fruits, that act as gelling agents in the food industry, creating the desirable jelly-like texture in jams, jellies, and marmalades.

Pectins stabilize and thicken various food products, such as desserts, confectioneries, and beverages, ensuring a uniform consistency and quality.

Recognized as safe by various health authorities, pectins have been widely used without notable adverse effects when consumed in typical dietary amounts.