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Betanin, or Beetroot Red, is a red glycosidic food dye obtained from beets; its aglycone, obtained by hydrolyzing away the glucose molecule, is betanidin. As a food additive, its E number is E162. The color of betanin depends on pH; between four and five it is bright bluish-red, becoming blue-violet as the pH increases. Once the pH reaches alkaline levels betanin degrades by hydrolysis, resulting in a yellow-brown color. Betanin is a betalain pigment, together with isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin. Other pigments contained in beet are indicaxanthin and vulgaxanthins.

Sodium nitrite (E250) is a salt used for curing and preserving meat products.

It plays a critical role in preventing the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the bacterium responsible for botulism, in cured meats like bacon, ham, and sausages. It also provides the characteristic pink color and flavor.

However, nitrites can react with amines in the stomach to form nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens. High intake of processed meats containing nitrites is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Regulatory bodies have set strict limits on its use in food.

SODIUM ERYTHORBATE is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid. Sodium erythorbate is produced from sugars derived from different sources, such as beets, sugar cane, and corn. It is used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks.

POTASSIUM LACTATE is a compound with formula KC3H5O3. It is produced by neutralizing lactic acid which is fermented from a sugar source. Potassium lactate is commonly used in meat and poultry products to extend shelf life and increase food safety as it has a broad antimicrobial action. lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.